The earliest images of this kind of pagoda are in a mural in Cave No. 285 of the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, a work of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-581), and a small stone sculpture preserved in ...

The pagoda's design reflects this vision ... Atop this pillar rests the lotus-shaped platform, which houses a small shrine dedicated to Avalokiteshvara, adorned with golden statues and intricate ...